British National Formulary. Ethinylestradiol. 2021. Gebel Berg E. The Chemistry of the Pill. ACS Cent Sci . 2015;1(1):5-7. doi:10.1021/acscentsci.5b00066 Tayside Sexual & Reproductive Health Service (TSRHS). NHS Tayside Hormonal Contraception Guide: NHS Tayside formulary, pharmacological content and other characteristics. 2020.

TOPIC

Estradiol hemihydrate

by The Lowdown · August 2, 2021

by Dr Melanie Davis-Hall · August 2, 2021

Estradiol hemihydrate is a synthetic form of oestrogen (like the hormone oestrogen naturally found in your body but made in a lab).

What is it?

Estradiol hemihydrate is a synthetic form of oestrogen (like the hormone oestrogen naturally found in your body but made in a lab). Estradiol hemihydrate is currently only used in the combined contraceptive pill Zoely. It is also a commonly used ingredient in hormone replacement therapy which is used to treat the symptoms of menopause.

Most combined hormonal contraceptives (like the pill, patch and vaginal ring) contain a type of oestrogen called Ethinylestradiol, alongside a synthetic progestogen.

How does it work?

Estradiol hemihydrate is a form of estradiol (aka oestrogen), and works with the progestogen in the combined pill to stop ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries), stopping fertilisation of an egg by sperm and preventing pregnancy. Estradiol also helps to regulate the lining of the womb helping to prevent breakthrough bleeding on the pill.

What is it used in?

Zoely is the only combined pill brand currently available in the UK containing mestranol.

What are the side effects?

Possible oestrogenic side effects of combined hormonal contraceptive methods include:

Bloating
Breast tenderness or swelling
Reduced sex drive
Headaches
Mood swings
Nausea or vomiting
Water retention

What are the risks?

Typically, increased risk of blood clots with the combined hormonal methods of contraception has been associated with the oestrogen component. Oestrogen receptors in the liver are involved in the production of blood clotting factors. Ethinylestradiol is much more potent than natural estradiol, and it remains in the body far longer, so it hyperactivates the liver pathway, creating conditions that promote blood clotting.

To decrease the risks of blood clots and other side effects, the dose of synthetic oestrogen in combined contraceptive pills has been gradually dropping over time. Blood clot risk now may vary slightly between different brands of combined pill, depending on the type of progestogen. However for women who already are at an increased risk of blood clots there are other safer methods of contraception available which do not contain oestrogen.